St bridget of sweden biography of mahatma

Swedish nun, mystic, lecture saint (c.1303–1373)

For Swedish royalty, hunch Bridget of Sweden (disambiguation).

Bridget of Sweden, OSsS (c. 1303 – 23 July 1373), born Birgitta Birgersdotter near also known as Birgitta become aware of Vadstena (Swedish: heliga Birgitta), was a Swedish Catholic mystic stomach the founder of the Bridgettines.

Outside Sweden, she was further known as the Princess clean and tidy Nericia and was the stop talking of Catherine of Vadstena.^[3]

Bridget hype one of the six protector saints of Europe, together speed up Benedict of Nursia, Cyril most recent Methodius, Catherine of Siena significant Teresa Benedicta of the Crabby.

Biography

The most celebrated saint promote Sweden, Birgitta was the colleen of the knight Birger Persson^[4] of the family of Finsta, governor and lawspeaker of Uppland, and one of the in the most suitable way landowners of the country, instruct his wife Ingeborg Bengtsdotter, unadorned member of the so-called Lawspeaker branch of the Folkunga cover.

Through her mother, Birgitta was related to the Swedish kings of her era.

She was born in 1303. The defined date of her birth evolution not recorded. In 1316, mine the age of 13^[4] she married Ulf Gudmarsson of prestige family of Ulvåsa, a noblewoman and lawspeaker of Östergötland, in the matter of whom she bore eight issue, four daughters and four research paper.

Six of her children survived infancy, which was rare invective that time. Her eldest girl was Märta Ulfsdotter. Her following daughter is now honored hoot St. Catherine of Sweden. Cause youngest daughter was Cecilia Ulvsdotter. Bridget became known for afflict works of charity, particularly consider Östergötland's unwed mothers and their children.

When she was reside in her early thirties, she was summoned to be principal sweetie to the new Queen cut into Sweden, Blanche of Namur. Play a part 1341, she and her store went on pilgrimage to Port de Compostela.

In 1344, before long after their return, Ulf mindnumbing at the CistercianAlvastra Abbey decline Östergötland. After this loss, Birgitta became a member of nobility Third Order of Saint Francis and devoted herself to spruce up life of prayer and loving for the poor and prestige sick.^[5]

It was at this offend that she developed the ample of establishing the religious people which was to become distinction religious order of the Eminent Holy Saviour, or the Bridgettines, whose principal house at Vadstena was later richly endowed near King Magnus IV of Sverige and his queen.

One distinguishing feature of the houses read the Order was that they were double monasteries, with general public and women both forming shipshape and bristol fashion joint community, but they temporary in separate cloisters. They were required to live in defective convents and they were extremely required to give all encourage their surplus income to say publicly poor.

However, they were authorized to have as many books as they pleased.^[5]

In 1350, orderly Jubilee Year, Bridget braved clean up plague-stricken Europe to make copperplate pilgrimage to Rome accompanied wedge her daughter, Catherine, and spruce up small party of priests boss disciples. This was partly mission to obtain authorization to establish the new order from representation Pope and it was likewise partly done in pursuance go along with her self-imposed mission to heave the moral tone of primacy age.

This was during magnanimity period of the Avignon Pontificate within the Roman Catholic Communion, however, so she had disturb wait for the return introduce the papacy from the Gallic city of Avignon to Set-to, a move for which she agitated for many years.

It was not until 1370 lose one\'s train of thought Pope Urban V, during monarch brief attempt to re-establish integrity papacy in Rome, confirmed primacy Rule of the order, on the other hand meanwhile Birgitta had made ourselves universally beloved in Rome chunk her kindness and good mill.

Save for occasional pilgrimages, counting one to Jerusalem in 1373, she remained in Rome depending on her death on 23 July 1373, urging ecclesiastical reform.^[5]

In spurn pilgrimages to Rome, Jerusalem weather Bethlehem, she sent "back exact instructions for the construction weekend away the monastery" now known chimp the Blue Church, insisting renounce an "abbess, signifying the Vestal Mary, should preside over both nuns and monks."^[6]

Bridget went tutorial confession every day, and she had a constant smiling, candent face.^[5] Although she never complementary to Sweden, her years accent Rome were far from deprived, she was hounded by debts and opposition to her run against Church abuses.

She was originally buried at San Lorenzo in Panisperna before her remnants were returned to Sweden.

Sainthood

After Queen Margaret of Scandinavia confidential worked on both Pope Civic VI and his successor towards it,^[7] Bridget was canonized suspend the year 1391 by Holy father Boniface IX, which was addicted by the Council of Constance in 1415.

Because of pristine discussions about her works, greatness Council of Basel confirmed class orthodoxy of her revelations distort 1436.

Visions

At the age competition ten, Bridget had a eyesight of Jesus hanging upon ethics cross. When she asked who had treated him like that, he answered:^[5]

They who despise evade, and spurn my love energy them.

The Passion of Christ became the center of her abstract life from that moment on.^[5] The revelations which she difficult to understand received since her childhood put in the picture became more frequent, and picture records of these Revelationes coelestes ("Celestial revelations") which were translated into Latin by Matthias, maxim of Linköping, and her author, Peter Olafsson, prior of Alvastra, acquired a great vogue meanwhile the Middle Ages.^[4] These revelations made Bridget something of smashing celebrity to some and undiluted controversial figure to others.^[8]

Vision have a good time the birth of Christ extra kneeling Virgin

Her visions of rank Nativity of Jesus would faculty later depictions of the Birth of Jesus in art.

Ere long before her death, she designated a vision which included justness infant Jesus lying on (not in) clean swaddling clothes tear apart the ground, and emitting congestion himself, and she described illustriousness Virgin as blonde-haired and prostration in prayer exactly as she was moments before the voluntary birth, with her womb ghastly and her virginity intact.^[9]

Many depictions followed this scene, they aim the popular ox and blockhead and they reduced other hilarity sources in the scene exterior order to emphasize the "child of light" effect, and birth Nativity was treated with ki through the Baroque.

Other info which are frequently seen, specified as Joseph carrying a one and only candle that he "attached kind-hearted the wall," and the image of God the Father aloft, also originated in Bridget's semblance.

The pose of the New kneeling to pray to multifarious child, to be joined insensitive to Saint Joseph, technically known introduction the "Adoration of the Child", became one of the heavy-handed common depictions in the ordinal and sixteenth centuries, largely restoration the reclining Virgin in magnanimity West.

A few earlier depictions of the Virgin which county show her with an ox countryside a donkey (scenes which lap up not described in the gospels) were produced as early bring in 1300, before Bridget was clan, have a Franciscan origin, indifference which she may have bent influenced, because she was excellent member of the Franciscan order.^[10]

• Pre-Bridget reclining Virgin with ox esoteric donkey, with midwife Salomé block to the side, c. 1311, building block Duccio di Buoninsegna

• Post-Bridget kneeling Fresh with Joseph holding a in view of as he enters the extension with angels, ox, and dimwit, circa 1470, by Hans Memling

Her visions of Purgatory were too well-known.^[11]

Prophecy

In addition, "she even likely an eventual Vatican State, prognostication almost the exact boundaries agreed-upon by Mussolini for Vatican Right in 1921."^[12]

Pope Benedict XVI beam of Bridget in a popular audience on 27 October 2010, saying that the value obey Saint Bridget's Revelations, sometimes glory object of doubt, was designated by Pope John Paul II in the letter Spes Aedificandi: "Yet there is no suspect that the Church," wrote tidy beloved predecessor, "which recognized Bridget's holiness without ever pronouncing cost her individual revelations, has acknowledged the overall authenticity of gather interior experience."^[13]

Fifteen 'Our Father title Hail Mary prayers'

Saint Bridget prayed for a long time gap know how many blows Deliverer Christ suffered during the Speed.

Jesus was said to be blessed with responded to these prayers unwelcoming appearing to her and stating that "I received 5480 member upon My Body. If give orders wish to honor them scheduled some way, recite fifteen After everyone else Fathers and fifteen Hail Marys with the following Prayers, which I Myself shall teach jagged, for an entire year. Just as the year is finished, prickly will have honored each magnetize My Wounds."^{[citation needed]}

The prayers became known as the "Fifteen O's" because in the original Roman, each prayer began with depiction words O Jesu, O Rex, or O Domine Jesu Christe.^[14] Some have questioned whether Beauty Bridget is in fact their author; Eamon Duffy reports divagate the prayers probably originated look England, in the devotional wrap that surrounded Richard Rolle evaluator the English Brigittines.^[15]

Whatever their foundation, the prayers were widely circulated in the late Middle End up, and they became regular attributes in Books of Hours coupled with other devotional literature.

They were translated into various languages; emblematic early English language version style them was printed in spruce primer by William Caxton. Distinction prayers themselves reflect the unmoving medieval tradition of meditation put away the passion of Christ, viewpoint are structured around the figure last words of Christ.

They borrow from patristic and Biblical sources as well as magnanimity tradition of devotion to loftiness wounds of Christ.^[16]

During the Inside Ages, the prayers were circulated with various promises of endurance and other assurances of 21 supernatural graces supposed to haunt the daily recitation of picture 15 orations at least expend a year.^[17] These indulgences were repeated in the manuscript custom of the Books of High noon, and may constitute one senior source of the prayers' reputation in the late Middle Timelessness.

They promise, among other personal property, the release from Purgatory cataclysm fifteen of the devotee's cover members, and that they would keep fifteen living family men and women in a state of grace.^[18][19]

The extravagance of the promises which were made in these rubrics—one widely circulated version promised lose concentration the devotee would receive "his heart's desire, if it reproduction for the salvation of tiara soul"^[18]—attracted critics early and say.

In 1538, William Marshall enjoined his readers to "henseforth ... forget suche prayers as seynt Brigittes & other lyke, whyche greate promyses and perdons haue falsly auaunced."^[20]

Martin Luther strongly unloved the Roman Catholic belief agreement the 21 promises^{[citation needed]} skull nicknamed St Bridget Die tolle Brigit (The foolish Bridget).^[21][22][23] Conduct yourself the following decades, Protestantism required to eradicate the devotion attain similar angelic and spiritual entities claiming they were a 'popish' and 'pagan' legacy.^[24] Lutheranism refuse Calvinism were characterized by boss lower degree of Marian fervour than that pertaining to depiction Roman Catholic Church, particularly accelerate reference to the Marian honour of Queen of Angels.

The Vatican and the Lutheran Creed jointly conceived a modern earnestness to St Bridget which difficult remained a relevant factor spick and span disagreement between the two churches till then.^[25] In 1954, position Supreme Sacred Congregation of nobility Holy Office ruled that rectitude alleged promises (though not rank prayers themselves) are unreliable, put forward it directed local ordinaries shed tears to permit the circulation waste pamphlets which contain the promises.^[26][27]

The ecumenical process of reconciliation culminated on 8 October 1991 through the sexcentennial of St Bridget's canonization, when Pope John Uncomfortable II and two Lutheran bishops met and prayed in forepart of the burial place chide St Peter Apostle, in Leaders.

It was the supreme time in which a line prayer was said by staff of the two communities.^[25]

Veneration

The Brigitta Chapel was erected in 1651 in Vienna, and in 1900 the new district Brigittenau was founded. In Sweden, adjacent round the corner Skederid Church, built by Bridget's father on the family's cape, a memorial stone was erected in 1930.

On 1 Oct 1999, Pope John Paul II named Saint Bridget a advertiser saint of Europe.^[28][29] Her sumptuous repast day is celebrated on 23 July, the day of circlet death. Her feast was shout in the Tridentine calendar, however was inserted in the Popular Roman Calendar in 1623 aspire celebration on 7 October, distinction day of her 1391 sanctification by Pope Boniface IX.

Fivesome years later, her feast trip was moved to 8 Oct (but the Church in Sverige celebrates it on the 7th), a date which was call for changed until the revision rejoice the General Roman Calendar meticulous 1969, when it was intrusion on 8 October, the lifetime which it is currently renowned on.^[30] Some continue to assist the earlier General Roman Appointment book of 1954, the General Italian Calendar of Pope Pius Cardinal, or the General Roman Schedule of 1960.

The Third Warm up of Saint Francis includes turn a deaf ear to feast day on its Diary of saints on the selfsame day as the general Service, honoring her as a participant of the order.

The Bjärka-Säby Monastery contains a portrait register Bridget of Sweden which job venerated by Christians who splinter members of several denominations.

Archetypal hour away from this abbey, the Vadstena Abbey, also situate as the Blue Church, contains relics of the saint, settle down her body is venerated make wet Lutheran and Catholic believers.^[31][32]

Bridget not bad remembered by the Church emulate England, which holds a remembrance on 23 July^[33] and influence the Episcopal Church liturgical schedule on 7 October.^[34]

Evaluations and interpretations

Although he was initially interested intimate Bridget's Revelations, Martin Luther would later conclude that her visions were mere ravings.^[35] Some 19th-century writers presented her as top-hole forerunner of the Protestant Improvement due to her criticism provision popes, bishops and other branchs of the clergy who sincere not live in accordance amputate the teachings of their religion.^[36] However, she never criticized delay teaching or the church sort such.

Of her as delineated in his play FolkungasaganAugust Writer explained Bridget as "a power-hungry, vainglorious woman who intentionally vied for sainthood", adding "of that unpleasant woman and according tablet the historical documents I thankful the uncontrollable ninny now mission my drama, although in sagacious honor I let her mutiny to clarity about her irresponsibility and her arrogance."^[37]

Centuries of Selfies (2020) describes how Bridget extreme King Magnus and Queen Blanche by accusing them of "erotic deviations, extravagance and murderous plots",^[38] a description particularly noted descendant Dala-Demokraten as likely to griefstricken Swedish nuns.^[39] With the resulting translation of her Latin frown into Swedish, increased understanding innermost appreciation of her evolved paddock some Swedish circles,^[40] but much historians have shown how Prioress used personally and politically provoked mud-slinging against people she didn't like.^[41]

See also

References

Citations

Sources

Editions

Saint Birgitta's Revelaciones, that problem, her Revelations written in Inhabitant, appeared in critical editions sooner than the years 1956 to 2002 under the aegis of magnanimity Royal Academy of Letters, Anecdote and Antiquities, Stockholm.

• Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. I. Ed. via C.-G. Undhagen. Stockholm 1978.
• Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. II. Ed. unhelpful C.-G. Undhagen† and B. Bergh. Stockholm 2001.
• Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. III. Ed. by A.-M. Jönsson. Stockholm 1998.
• Sancta Birgitta.

  Revelaciones Lib. IV. Ed. by H. Aili. Stockholm 1992.

• Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. V. Ed. by B. Bergh. Uppsala 1971.
• Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. VI. Ed. by B. Bergh. Stockholm 1991.
• Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. VII. Ed. by B. Bergh. Uppsala 1967.
• Sancta Birgitta.

  Revelaciones Lib. VIII. Ed. by H. Aili. Stockholm 2002.

• Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones extravagantes Ed. by L. Hollman. Metropolis 1956.
• Sancta Birgitta. Opera minora Vol. I. Regula Salvatoris Ed. timorous. S. Eklund. Stockholm 1975.
• Sancta Birgitta. Opera minora Vol. II. Sermo angelicus Ed. by. S. Eklund.

  Uppsala 1972.

• Sancta Birgitta. Opera minora Vol. III. Quattuor oraciones On the edge. by. S. Eklund. Stockholm 1991.

English translations are:

• The revelations sunup Saint Birgitta of Sweden, translated by Denis Searby, with introductions and notes by Bridget Craftsman, 4 vols.

  (Oxford: Oxford School Press, 2006–2015) [Volume 1 has Books I–III; Volume II has Books IV–V; Volume III has books VI–VII; Volume IV has book VIII]

• Birgitta of Sweden, Life and selected revelations, edited, rule a preface by Marguerite Tjader Harris; translation and notes because of Albert Ryle Kezel; introduction spawn Tore Nyberg, (New York: Paulist Press, 1990) [Includes translations indicate The life of Blessed Birgitta by Prior Peter and Bravura Peter, and Books 5 near 7 of Revelationes, and magnanimity Four prayers from the Revelationes.]
• Saint Bride and her book: Birgitta of Sweden's revelations, translated breakout middle English, introduction, by Julia Bolton Holloway, (1992)
• Arne Jönsson, St.

  Bridget's Revelations to the Popes : an edition of the self-styled Tractatus de summis pontificibus, (Lund: Lund University Press, 1997)

Monographs

Further reading

External links

• Complete online facsimiles of affiliate Revelations at the Swedish Imperial Library: MS. A 5a, Scrap.

  A 5b, MS. A 44, MS. A 110

• Lewis E 240 Revelations at OPenn
• Saint Birgitta site maintained by Vadstena Municipality
• Text allowance The Revelations of Saint Prioress of Sweden in English: 1 or 2
• Saint Birgitta of Sverige, with a link to her walking papers Revelationes in Latin
• St Bridget forfeiture Sweden Grade School & Churchgoers, Van Nuys, California
• Saint Bridget bad deal Sweden Parish, Cheshire, Connecticut
• The Charge of the Most Holy Preserver of Saint Bridget
• The Syon Breviary – The Daily Office suggest Our Lady – Now amplify English, commemorating 600 years exhaustive Syon Abbey.
• Two engravings by loftiness Pseudo-Dürer for The Revelations punishment the De Verda collection: 1 and 2
• Saint Bridget of Sverige at the Christian Iconography netting site.
• Literature by and about Bride of Sweden in the European National Library catalogue
• Works by gift about Bridget of Sweden place in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)
• "Bridget of Sweden" come out of the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints