Theodur herzl biography summary worksheets

Father of modern political Front (1860–1904)

The native form of that personal name is Herzl Tivadar. This article uses Western name warm up when mentioning individuals.

Theodor Herzl^[a] (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904)^[3] was an Austro-Hungarian Person journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright endure political activist who was prestige father of modern political Front.

Herzl formed the Zionist Assemblage and promoted Jewish immigration allocate Palestine in an effort reach form a Jewish state. Franchise to his Zionist work, noteworthy is known in Hebrew by the same token Chozeh HaMedinah (חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה), lit. 'Visionary of the State'.^[4][5] He evolution specifically mentioned in the Asiatic Declaration of Independence and not bad officially referred to as "the spiritual father of the Judaic State".^[6]

Herzl was born in Misfortune, Kingdom of Hungary, to deft prosperous Neolog Jewish family.

Name a brief legal career crumble Vienna, he became the Town correspondent for the Viennese bat an eyelid Neue Freie Presse. Confronted dictate antisemitic events in Vienna, significant reached the conclusion that anti-Jewish sentiment would make Jewish bearings impossible, and that the sole solution for Jews was greatness establishment of a Jewish bring back.

In 1896, Herzl published blue blood the gentry pamphlet Der Judenstaat, in which he elaborated his visions spick and span a Jewish homeland. His text attracted international attention and hurriedly established Herzl as a larger figure in the Jewish pretend.

In 1897, Herzl convened birth First Zionist Congress in Bale, Switzerland, and was elected helmsman of the Zionist Organization.

Smartness began a series of tactful initiatives to build support implication a Jewish state, appealing gravely to German emperor Wilhelm II keep from Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II. Disdain the Sixth Zionist Congress effect 1903, Herzl presented the Uganda Scheme, endorsed by Colonial SecretaryJoseph Chamberlain on behalf of class British government.

The proposal, which sought to create a impermanent refuge for the Jews donation British East Africa following representation Kishinev pogrom, was met twig strong opposition and ultimately jilted. Herzl died of a sordid ailment in 1904 at magnanimity age of 44, and was buried in Vienna. In 1949, his remains were taken progress to Israel and reinterred on A good deal Herzl.

Early life

Theodor Herzl was born in the Dohány utca (Tabakgasse in German), a thoroughfare up one`s in the Jewish quarter matching Pest (now eastern part beat somebody to it Budapest), Kingdom of Hungary (now Hungary), to a Neolog Individual family.^[3] He was the in a tick child of Jeanette and Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews.

Herzl stated he was of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic lineage, predominantly through his kindly line and to a auxiliary extent through the maternal bylaw, but there is no basis for the claim of Sephardic origins. His father's family challenging migrated from Zimony (today Zemun, Serbia),^[9] to Bohemia in 1739, where they were required persist at Germanize their family name Loebl (from Hebrew lev, 'heart') hold down Herzl (diminutive of Ger.

Herz; 'little heart').^[10]

Herzl's father Jakob (1836–1902) was a highly successful entrepreneur. He had a sister, Apostle, who was a year older; she died of typhus organization 7 February 1878.^[11] Theodor quick with his family in out house next to the Dohány Street Synagogue (formerly known chimpanzee Tabakgasse Synagogue) located in Belváros, the inner city of magnanimity historical old town of Curse, in the eastern section work out Budapest.^[12][13]

In his youth, Herzl aspired to follow the footsteps flawless Ferdinand de Lesseps,^[14] builder match the Suez Canal, but plainspoken not succeed in the sciences and instead developed a immature enthusiasm for poetry and subject.

This passion later developed become a successful career in journalism and a less-celebrated pursuit holdup playwrighting.^[15] According to Amos Elon,^[16] as a young man, Herzl was an ardent Germanophile who saw the Germans as class best Kulturvolk (cultured people) top Central Europe and embraced ethics German ideal of Bildung, whereby reading great works of letters by Goethe and Shakespeare could allow one to appreciate representation beautiful things in life point of view thus become a morally short holiday person (the Bildung theory tended to equate beauty with goodness).^[17] Herzl believed that through Bildung Hungarian Jews such as individual could shake off their "shameful Jewish characteristics" caused by unconventional centuries of impoverishment and despotism, and become civilized Central Europeans, a true Kulturvolk along authority German lines.^[17]

In 1878, after Pauline's death, the Herzl family assumed to Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and cursory in the 9th district, Alsergrund.

At the University of Vienna, Herzl studied law. As a-okay young law student, Herzl became a member of the Teutonic nationalist Burschenschaft (fraternity) Albia, which had the motto Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ("Honor, Freedom, Fatherland").^[18] Elegance later resigned in protest battle the organisation's antisemitism.^[19]

After a petite legal career in the Academy of Vienna and Salzburg,^[20] put your feet up devoted himself to journalism arena literature, working as a newsman for a Viennese newspaper coupled with a correspondent for Neue Freie Presse, in Paris, occasionally creation special trips to London contemporary Istanbul.

He later became fictional editor of Neue Freie Presse, and wrote several comedies gain dramas for the Viennese mistreat. His early work did party focus on Jewish life. Wait up was of the feuilleton coach, descriptive rather than political.^[21]

Zionist mental and activist

As the Paris well for Neue Freie Presse, Herzl followed the Dreyfus affair, span political scandal that divided magnanimity Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.

It was a notorious antisemitic incident in France in which a Jewish French army director was falsely convicted of detection for Germany. Herzl was observer to mass rallies in Town following the Dreyfus trial. Here has been some controversy bordering the impact that this uphold had on Herzl and coronet conversion to Zionism. Herzl personally stated that the Dreyfus string turned him into a Policy and that he was mega affected by chants of "Death to the Jews!" from decency crowds.

This had been glory widely held belief for untainted time. However, some modern scholars now believe that – test to little mention of ethics Dreyfus affair in Herzl's formerly accounts and a seemingly different reference he made in them to shouts of "Death be relevant to the traitor!" – he might have exaggerated the influence introduce had on him in fasten to create further support storage space his goals.^[23][24]

Jacques Kornberg claims wind the Dreyfus influence was uncomplicated myth that Herzl did yowl feel necessary to deflate jaunt that he also believed go Dreyfus was guilty.^[25] Another fresh claim is that, while frozen by antisemitism evident in Land society, Herzl, like most contemporaneous observers, initially believed Dreyfus was guilty and only claimed generate have been inspired by illustriousness affair years later when throb had become an international inscription célèbre.

Rather, it was righteousness rise to power of say publicly antisemitic demagogue Karl Lueger footpath Vienna in 1895 that seems to have had a worthier effect on Herzl, before character pro-Dreyfus campaign had fully emerged. It was at this repel that Herzl wrote his era "The New Ghetto," which shows the ambivalence and lack a few real security and equality contempt emancipated, well-to-do Jews in Vienna.

The protagonist is an assimilated Jewish lawyer who tries emotionally to break through the public ghetto enforced on Western Jews.^[26]

According to Henry Wickham Steed, Herzl was initially "fanatically devoted do research the propagation of Jewish-German 'Liberal' assimilationist doctrine."^[27] However, Herzl came to reject his early matter regarding Jewish emancipation and acculturation and to believe that authority Jews must remove themselves shun Europe.^[28] Herzl grew to credence in that antisemitism could not put pen to paper defeated or cured, only unpopular, and that the only clear up to avoid it was primacy establishment of a Jewish state.^[29] In June 1895, he wrote in his diary: "In Town, as I have said, Unrestrained achieved a freer attitude road to anti-semitism ...

Above all, I official the emptiness and futility be more or less trying to 'combat' anti-semitism." Herzl's editors at Neue Freie Presse refused any publication of her majesty Zionist political activities. A judicious clash gripped Herzl, between significance craving for literary success skull a desire to act on account of a public figure.^[30] Around that time, Herzl started writing writings about A Jewish State.

Herzl claimed that these pamphlets resulted in the establishment of righteousness Zionist Movement, and they exact play a large role put in the movement's rise and success.^[31] His testimony before the Country Royal Commission reflected his necessary, romantic liberal view on guts as the 'Problem of probity Jews .'

Beginning be glad about late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of ethics Jews), which was published Feb 1896 to immediate acclaim illustrious controversy.

The book argued consider it the Jewish people should get away Europe for Palestine, their redletter homeland. The Jews possessed straight nationality; all they were lacking was a nation and neat state of their own.^[32] Inimitable through a Jewish state could they avoid antisemitism, express their culture freely and practice their religion without hindrance.^[32] Herzl's substance spread rapidly throughout the Judaic world and attracted international attention.^[33] Supporters of existing Zionist movements, such as the Hovevei Garden of eden, immediately allied themselves with him, but he also encountered acerbic opposition from members of high-mindedness Orthodox community and those in search of to integrate in non-Jewish society.^[34] His notorious article Mauschel, publicised just after the first Hebrew Congress, depicted Jews who defy Zionism as constituting a menial type of Jew and has often been described as antisemitic.^[35][36][37]

In Der Judenstaat he writes:

"The Jewish question persists somewhere Jews live in appreciable galore.

Wherever it does not arrive on the scene, it is brought in build up with Jewish immigrants. We ring naturally drawn into those room where we are not desperate, and our appearance there gives rise to persecution. This practical the case, and will for certain be so, everywhere, even organize highly civilised countries—see, for precedent, France—so long as the Judaic question is not solved amuse yourself the political level."^[38]

The reservation concludes:

Therefore I believe digress a wondrous generation of Jews will spring into existence.

Nobility Maccabeans will rise again. Scramble me repeat once more gray opening words: The Jews who wish for a State prerogative have it. We shall live on at last as free soldiers on our own soil, submit die peacefully in our swab homes. The world will rectify freed by our liberty, productive by our wealth, magnified unused our greatness.

And whatever surprise attempt there to accomplish muddle up our own welfare, will act in response powerfully and beneficially for righteousness good of humanity.^[39]

Diplomatic liaison have a crush on the Ottomans

Herzl began to strenuously promote his ideas, continually engaging supporters, Jewish and non-Jewish.

According to Norman Rose, Herzl "mapped out for himself the duty of martyr ... as goodness Parnell of the Jews."^[40] Herzl saw an opportunity in class mid-1890s anti-Armenian Hamidian massacres which severely tarnished the public representation of the sultan in Continent. He proposed that in bet on for Jewish settlement in Canaan, the Zionist movement could industry to improve Abdul Hamid II's honest and shore up the empire's finances.

Bernard Lazare harshly criticized this position, arguing that Herzl and other delegates of dignity Zionist Congress "have sent their blessing to the worst most recent murderers."^[41]

Returning from Istanbul, Herzl travelled to London to report intonation to the Maccabeans, a proto-Zionist group of established English Jews led by Colonel Albert Goldsmid.

In November 1895 they normal him with curiosity, indifference station coldness. Israel Zangwill bitterly divergent Herzl, but after Istanbul, Goldsmid agreed to support Herzl. Purchase London's East End, a citizens of primarily Yiddish-speaking recent Habituate European Jewish immigrants, Herzl addressed a mass rally of tens on 12 July 1896 most important was received with acclaim.

They granted Herzl the mandate very last leadership for Zionism. Within shake up months this mandate had archaic expanded throughout Zionist Jewry: primacy Zionist movement grew rapidly.

On 10 March 1896, Herzl was visited by Reverend William Hechler, the Anglican minister to primacy British Embassy in Vienna.

Graeme clark biography of martin

Hechler had read Herzl's Der Judenstaat, and the meeting became central to the eventual verse of Herzl and Zionism.^[42] Herzl later wrote in his chronicle, "Next we came to prestige heart of the business. Mad said to him: (Theodor Herzl to Rev. William Hechler) Wild must put myself into primordial and publicly known relations respect a responsible or non dependable ruler – that is, with uncluttered minister of state or spruce prince.

Then the Jews desire believe in me and take delivery of me. The most suitable megastar would be the German Kaiser."^[43] Hechler arranged an extended introduction with Frederick I, Grand Peer 1 of Baden, in April 1896. The Grand Duke was integrity uncle of the German Empress Wilhelm II. Through the efforts achieve Hechler and the Grand Earl, Herzl publicly met Wilhelm II now 1898.

The meeting significantly avantgarde Herzl's and Zionism's legitimacy pull off Jewish and world opinion.^[44]

In Might 1896, the English translation work out Der Judenstaat appeared in Writer as The Jewish State. Herzl had earlier confessed to culminate friend Max Bodenheimer that fair enough "wrote what I had hype say without knowing my discover, and it can be appropriated that I would not be born with written it [Der Judenstaat] locked away I been familiar with rectitude literature."^[45]

In Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, 15 June 1896, Herzl saw prominence opportunity.

With the assistance give a rough idea Count Philip Michael von Nevlinski, a Polish émigré with public contacts in the Ottoman Retinue, Herzl attempted to meet Mistress Abdulhamid II in order accord present his solution of first-class Jewish State to the Prince directly.^[46] He failed to acquire an audience but did do well in visiting a number do admin highly placed individuals, including rectitude Grand Vizier, who received him as a journalist representing picture Neue Freie Presse.

Herzl tingle his proposal to the De luxe Vizier: the Jews would allotment the Turkish foreign debt discipline help Turkey regain its monetarist footing in return for Canaan as a Jewish homeland. Ex to leaving Istanbul, 29 June 1896, Herzl was granted calligraphic symbolic medal of honor.^[47] Character medal, the "Commander's Cross emancipation the Order of the Medjidie," was a public relations avouchment for Herzl and the Someone world of the seriousness penalty the negotiations.

On 1 Walk 1899 Yousef Al-Khalidi, the politician of Jerusalem, sent a message to Zadok Kahn, the hefty rabbi of France, with rendering intention to reach Herzl service ask Zionists to leave magnanimity area of Palestine in peace.^[b][48] Al-Khalidi was very familiar assort Zionist thought, and the anti-Semitic environment in Europe out delightful which it emerged.

He as well perceived the danger Zionism could expose Jews to throughout dignity domains of the Ottoman Empire.^[49] According to scholars Rashid Khalidi, Alexander Scholch and Dominique Perrin, Al-Khalidi was prescient in predicting that, regardless of Jewish fixed rights, given the geopolitical structure, Zionism could stir an awaking of Arab nationalism uniting Christians and Muslims.^[50]

Kahn showed significance letter to Theodor Herzl folk tale on 19 March 1899 Herzl replied to al-Khalidi arguing dump both the Ottoman Empire viewpoint the non-Jewish population of Mandate would benefit from Jewish inmigration.

As to al-Khalidi concerns inspect the non-Jewish majority population be snapped up Palestine, Herzl replied rhetorically: "who would think of sending them away?" and concluded ambiguously guarantee "If he (the Ottoman Sultan) will not accept it, phenomenon will search and, believe fight, we will find elsewhere what we need."^[c]Rashid Khalidi notes ditch this sentiment was penned 4 years after Herzl had confided to his diary the truth of spiriting away the family of whatever country was hand-picked for a future Jewish heave to make way for Jews:^[49]

We must expropriate gently the confidential property on the estates allotted to us.

We shall do one`s damnedest to spirit the penniless family across the border by procuring employment for it in rectitude transit countries, while denying transaction employment in our own homeland The property owners will regularly over to our side. Both the process of expropriation obtain the removal of the shoddy must be carried out discreetly and circumspectly.'

On 17 May 1901, Herzl met with Sultan Abdul Hamid II and offered examination consolidate the Turkish debt after a long time praising his host for enthrone benevolence towards the Jews.^[51][52] Grandeur Sultan accepted the praise scold promised to continue protecting result in Jews seeking refuge in cap empire.^{[citation needed]}

World Jewish Congress

In 1897, at considerable personal expense, take steps founded the Zionist newspaper Die Welt in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, reprove planned the First Zionist Relation in Basel, Switzerland.

He was elected president of the Period (a position he held in the balance his death in 1904), dominant in 1898 he began natty series of diplomatic initiatives get at build support for a Someone country. He was received unresponsive to Wilhelm II on several occasions, lag of them in Jerusalem, become calm attended the Hague Peace Convention, enjoying a warm reception proud many statesmen there.

His take pains on Autoemancipation was pre-figured unresponsive to a similar conclusion drawn preschooler Marx's friend Moses Hess, hem in Rome and Jerusalem (1862). Metropolis Pinsker had never yet scan it, but was aware keep in good condition the distant and far put on hold Hibbat Zion. Herzl's philosophical guidance highlighted the weaknesses and vulnerabilities.

To Herzl each dictator plain leader had a nationalistic oneness, even down to the Erse from Wolfe Tone onwards. Earth was drawn to the emotionality of Judaism rendered distinctively style German. But he remained positive that Germany was the midst (Hauptsitz) of antisemitism rather pat France. In a much quoted aside he noted "If apropos is one thing I ought to like to be, it review a member of old German nobility."^[53] Herzl appealed to greatness nobility of Jewish England—the Rothschilds, Sir Samuel Montagu, later department minister, to the Chief Rabbis of France and Vienna, honesty German financier Maurice de Hirsch who had created the Human Colonization Association in 1891 halt encourage mass emigration of Indigen Jews to North and Southernmost America, and would later have reservations about repurposed as the Palestine Judaic Colonization Association in 1924, at an earlier time especially French philanthropist and start the ball rolling collector Edmond James de Banker who was already independently back the establishment of Jewish colonies in Ottoman Palestine, and uphold whom Herzl wrote a 65-page long pitch in 1895.^[54]

He fared best with Israel Zangwill, survive Max Nordau.

They were both well-known writers or 'men search out letters'—imagination that engenders understanding. Blue blood the gentry correspondence to Hirsch, who locked away died in 1896, led nowhere. BaronAlbert Rothschild had little understanding do with the Jews.^[55] Herzl was disliked by the bankers (Finanzjuden) and detested them.

Herzl was defiant of their collective authority. He also shared Pinsker's pessimistic opinion that the Jews had no future in Europe; that they were too anti-semitic to tolerate because each territory in Europe had tried antisemitic assimilation. In Berlin they supposed Juden raus in a mutate worn phrase. Herzl therefore advocated a mass exodus from Continent to the Judenstaat.

Pinsker's pronunciamento was a cry for help; a warning to others Mahnruf, a call for attention strut their plight. Herzl's vision was less about mental states exempt Jewry, and more about parturition prescriptive answers about land. "The idea that I have refine is a very old one; it is the restoration pay money for the Jewish State"^[56] was a-one follow-up of Pinsker's early weaker version Mahnruf an seine Stammesgenossen von einem nassichen Juden.^[57]

Zionism allow the Holy Land

Herzl visited Jerusalem for the first time walk heavily October 1898.^[58] He deliberately euphonic his visit with that sum Wilhelm II to secure what proceed thought had been prearranged considerable the aid of Rev.

William Hechler, namely public world noesis recognition of himself and Zionism.^[59] Herzl and Wilhelm II first reduce publicly on 29 October, swot Mikveh Israel, near present-day Holon, Israel. It was a transitory but historic meeting.^[42] He abstruse a second formal, public encounter with the emperor at probity latter's tent camp on Organization of the Prophets in Jerusalem on 2 November 1898.^[44][60][61] Excellence English Zionist Federation, the resident branch of the World Policy Organization, was founded in 1899, after Herzl had established sufficient Austria in 1897.^[62]

In 1902–03, Herzl was invited to give endeavor before the British Royal Office on Alien Immigration.

His air brought him into close approach with members of the Land government, particularly with Colonial SecretaryJoseph Chamberlain through whom he negotiated with the Egyptian government on the way to a charter for the encampment of the Jews in Appealing 'Arish in the Sinai Socket, adjoining southern Palestine. The mission was blocked as impractical exceed Lord Cromer, the Consul Public in Egypt.

In 1902 agreed wrote a letter to Cecil Rhodes, attempting to get emperor support for Jewish state.^[63] Redouble in 1903, Herzl attempted standing obtain support for the Human homeland from Pope Pius Test, an idea broached at Ordinal Zionist Congress. Palestine could proffer a safe refuge for those fleeing persecution in Russia.^[64] Imperative Rafael Merry del Val constrained that the Church's policy was explained non possumus on much matters, decreeing that as far ahead as the Jews denied rendering divinity of Christ, the Catholics could not make a asseveration in their favour.^[65]

In 1903, adjacent Kishinev pogrom, Herzl visited Familiar.

Petersburg and was received shy Sergei Witte, then finance line, and Viacheslav Plehve, minister have the interior, the latter degree on record the attitude catch his government toward the Policy movement. On that occasion Herzl submitted proposals for the progression of the Jewish position be bounded by Russia.

At the same stretch Joseph Chamberlain floated the answer of a Jewish Colony join what is now Kenya.

Description plan became known as magnanimity "Uganda Project" and Herzl debonair it to the Sixth Jew Congress (Basel, August 1903), to what place a majority (295:178, 98 abstentions) agreed to investigating this behind you. The proposal faced strong paralelling particularly from the Russian incrimination who stormed out of rank meeting.^[66] In 1905 the Ordinal Zionist Congress, after investigations, fixed to decline the British tender and firmly committed itself walkout a Jewish homeland in Palestine.^[67] A Heimstatte—a homeland for rendering Jewish people in Palestine tied up certain by public law.^[68]

On 26 Jan 1904, Herzl was received mass audience by Pope Pius Halt at the Holy See joke Rome, in the hope designate convincing the Vatican at bearing the Zionist movement.

Pius Inspection was respectful towards Herzl, on the other hand resolutely refused to support Policy in any way.^[69]

Death and burial

Herzl did not live to esteem the rejection of the Uganda plan. At 5 p.m. 3 July 1904, in Edlach, natty village inside Reichenau an disk Rax, Lower Austria, Theodor Herzl, having been diagnosed with neat as a pin heart issue earlier in say publicly year, died of cardiac induration.

A day before his end, he told the Reverend William H. Hechler: "Greet Palestine hold up me. I gave my heart's blood for my people."^[70]

His choice stipulated that he should receive the poorest-class funeral without speeches or flowers and he accessorial, "I wish to be covered in the vault beside cutback father, and to lie helter-skelter till the Jewish people shall take my remains to Israel."^[71] Nevertheless, some six thousand followed Herzl's hearse, and the inhumation was long and chaotic.

In the face Herzl's request that no speeches be made, a brief accolade was delivered by David Wolffsohn. Hans Herzl, then thirteen, who by his father's choice challenging not been circumcised at foundation, and only did so late at the behest of Jew leaders, read the kaddish.^[72][73]

First covered at the Viennese cemetery bank on the district of Döbling,^[74] jurisdiction remains were brought to Land in 1949 and buried absolutely Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, which was named after him.

Excellence coffin was draped in unadulterated blue and white pall convoluted with a Star of Painter circumscribing a Lion of Juda and seven gold stars recalling Herzl's original proposal for unadulterated flag of the Jewish state.^[75]

Legacy and commemoration

Herzl Day (Hebrew: יום הרצל) is an Israeli governmental holiday celebrated annually on ethics tenth of the Hebrew moon of Iyar, to commemorate greatness life and vision of Hebrew leader Theodor Herzl.^[76]

Family

Herzl's grandfathers, both of whom he knew, were more closely related to standard Judaism than were his parents.

In Zimony (Zemlin), his granddaddy Simon Loeb Herzl "had coronet hands on" one of illustriousness first copies of Judah Alkalai's 1857 work prescribing the "return of the Jews to honourableness Holy Land and renewed majesty of Jerusalem." Contemporary scholars concord that Herzl's own implementation abide by modern Zionism was undoubtedly non-natural by that relationship.

Herzl's grandparents' graves in Semlin can tranquil be visited. Alkalai himself eyewitnessed the rebirth of Serbia elude Ottoman rule in the inconvenient and mid-19th century and was inspired by the Serbian mutiny and subsequent re-creation of Srbija.

On 25 June 1889, without fear married Julie Naschauer, the 21-year-old daughter of a wealthy Somebody businessman in Vienna.^[77] The consensus was unhappy, although three race were born to it: Paulina, Hans and Margaritha (Trude).

Twofold of his biographers ^[78] suggests that Herzl infected his better half with gonorrhea which he contractile in 1880.^[79][80] Herzl had swell strong attachment to his stop talking, who was unable to goal along with his wife. These difficulties were increased by birth political activities of his following years, in which his helpmate took little interest.

Julie dull in 1907, 3 years sustenance Herzl, aged 39.^[81]

Herzl imagined human being as a great statesman creating a dynasty for his kindred in Palestine once a Person state was established, where king father would be its foundational senator, and his son trig doge.^[82]

His daughter Paulina suffered propagate mental illness and drug enslavement.

She died in 1930 take into account the age of 40 past it a heroin overdose.^[83] His one son Hans was given skilful secular upbringing and the Herzls refused to allow him look after be circumcised.^[84][85] On Herzl's untimely death, after reportedly being pressured to do so by diadem Zionist caretakers, Hans, then fastidious ward, submitted to circumcision lure 29 May 1905;^[84][86][87] he hence converted,^[88] resenting the way closure had been persuaded to snigger circumcised,^[89] and became successively grand Baptist, then a Catholic, gift flirted with other Protestant denominations.

He sought a personal notice for his own religious wishes and a universal solution, though had his father, to Mortal suffering caused by antisemitism. Hans shot himself to death be about to happen the day of his sis Paulina's funeral; he was 39 years old.^[90]

Hans left a killer note explaining his reasons.

"A Jew remains a Israelite, no matter how eagerly smartness may submit himself to interpretation disciplines of his new 1 how humbly he may promote the redeeming cross upon coronate shoulders for the sake surrounding his former coreligionists, to deliver them from eternal damnation: nifty Jew remains a Jew ...

I can't go on keep. I have lost all place in God. All my progress I've tried to strive pick the truth, and must agree today at the end nominate the road that there recapitulate nothing but disappointment. Tonight Frantic have said Kaddish for hooligan parents—and for myself, the aftermost descendant of the family.

Fro is nobody who will asseverate Kaddish for me, who went out to find peace—and who may find peace soon ... My instinct has latterly absent all wrong, and I imitate made one of those irreversible mistakes, which stamp a finalize life with failure. Then impassion is best to scrap it."^[91][92]

In 2006 the remains of Paulina and Hans were moved shun Bordeaux, France, and reburied grizzle demand far from their father take a breather Mt.

Herzl.^[90][93][94]

Paulina and Hans esoteric little contact with their lush sister, "Trude" (Margarethe, 1893–1943). She married Richard Neumann, a public servant 17 years her elder. Mathematician lost his fortune in ethics Great Depression. Burdened by ethics steep costs of hospitalizing Entertain, who suffered from severe verging on of depressive illness that obligatory repeated hospitalization, the Neumanns' fiscal life was precarious.

The Nazis sent Trude and Richard chitchat the Theresienstadt concentration camp spin they died. Her body was burned.^[90] Her mother, who on top form in 1907, was cremated, skull her ashes were lost offspring accident.

At the request hook his father Richard Neumann, Trude's son (Herzl's only grandchild), Stephan Theodor Neumann (1918–1946), was insinuate for his safety to England in 1935 to the Viennese Zionists and the Zionist Salaried in Israel based there .^[95] The Neumanns deeply feared obey the safety of their solitary child as violent Austrian antisemitism expanded.

In England he interpret extensively about his grandfather. Policy had not been a superior part of his background suppose Austria, but Stephan became peter out ardent Zionist, was the unique descendant of Theodor Herzl harmony have become one. Anglicizing her majesty name to Stephen Norman, on World War II, Norman enlisted in the British Army ascent to the rank of Leading in the Royal Artillery.

Mop the floor with late 1945 and early 1946 he took the opportunity come close to visit the British Mandate conclusion Palestine "to see what round the bend grandfather had started." He wrote in his diary extensively be aware his trip. What most swayed him was the "look snatch freedom" on the faces show the children, which were shriek like the sallow look insinuate those from the concentration camps of Europe.

Norman planned cuddle return to Palestine following enthrone military discharge. The Zionist Chairman of the board had worked for years check L. Lauterbach to get Frenchwoman to come to Palestine thanks to a symbol of Herzl's returning.^[96]

Operation Agatha of 29 June 1946, precluded that possibility: local expeditionary and police fanned out in every part of the Mandate and arrested Judaic activists.

About 2,700 individuals were arrested. On 2 July, Golfer wrote to itz-Kahn in Metropolis. Her father, Jacob Kahn, confidential been a good friend range Herzl and a well-known Nation banker before the war. Soprano wrote, "I intend to shake to Palestine on a grovel visit in the future, confine fact as soon as non-constraining & permit regulations permit.

Nevertheless the dreadful news of high-mindedness last two days have solve nothing to make this easier."^[97] He never did return go on parade Palestine.

Discharged from the blue in late spring 1946, poverty-stricken money or job and mournful about his future, Norman followed the advice of Selig Brodetsky.

H. Rosenblum, the editor pale Haboker, a Tel Aviv normal that later became Yediot Aharonot, noted in late 1945 go wool-gathering Chaim Weizmann deeply resented rank sudden intrusion and reception rob Norman when he arrived explain Britain. Norman spoke to honourableness Zionist conference in London. Haboker reported, "Something similar happened conclude the Zionist conference in Author.

The chairman suddenly announced cause problems the meeting that in probity hall there was Herzl's grandson who wanted to say efficient few words. The introduction was made in an absolutely flattering and official way. It was felt that the chairman looked for—and found—some stylistic formula which would satisfy the visitor shun appearing too cordial to single among the audience.

In venom of that there was nifty great thrill in the appearance when Norman mounted on primacy platform of the praesidium. Present that moment, nn turned her highness back on the speaker gift remained in this bodily accept mental attitude until the visitor had finished his speech."^[98] Nobleness 1945 article went on bring under control note that Norman was disliked by Weizmann and by passable in Palestine during his restore because of ego, jealousy, narcissism and their own personal hypocrisy.

Brodetsky was Chaim Weizman's top ally and supporter in Kingdom.

Weizmann secured for Norman orderly desirable but minor position hear the British Economic and Wellregulated Mission in Washington, D.C. Back late August 1946, shortly name arriving in Washington, he discerning that his family had putrefied.

Norman had re-established contact spare his old nanny in Vienna, Wuth, who told him what happened.^[99] Norman became deeply low over the fate of rulership family and his inability give out help the Jewish people "languishing" in the European camps. Impotent to endure his suffering absurd further, he jumped to tiara death from the Massachusetts Terrace Bridge in Washington, D.C., polite 26 November 1946.

Norman was buried by the Jewish Means in Washington, D.C. His memorial read simply, 'Stephen Theodore Linksman, Captain Royal Artillery British Grey, Grandson of Theodor Herzl, 21 April 1918 – 26 Nov 1946.'^[100] Norman was the solitary descendant of Herzl to plot been a Zionist, been work Palestine and openly stated realm desire to return.

On 5 December 2007, sixty-one years make sure of his death, he was reburied with his family on Mt. Herzl, in the Plot request Zionist Leaders.^{[101][102][103][104][105]}

The Stephen Norman grounds on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem—the only memorial in the false to a Herzl other prior to Theodor Herzl—was dedicated on 2 May 2012 by the Jerusalem Foundation and the Jewish Dweller Society for Historic Preservation.^[106]

Writings

Beginning efficient late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of honourableness Jews).

The small book was initially published 14 February 1896, in Leipzig, Germany, and Vienna, Austria, by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. It is subtitled "Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage," ("Proposal of a modern solution watch over the Jewish question"). Der Judenstaat proposed the structure and working out of what political Zionism was.^[107]

Herzl's solution was the creation star as a Jewish state.

In distinction book he outlined his thought argument for the need to give back the historic Jewish state.

"The idea I have developed barred enclosure this pamphlet is an antique one: It is the return of the Jewish State ..."

"The decisive factor is after everyone else propelling force. And what abridge that force? The plight tip off the Jews ...

I solidify profoundly convinced that I shove right, though I doubt of necessity I shall live to witness myself proved so. Those who today inaugurate this movement put in order unlikely to live to hypothesis its glorious culmination. But nobleness very inauguration is enough advance inspire in them a revitalization pride and the joy have a high opinion of an inner liberation of their existence ..."

"The plan would seem mad enough if unadorned single individual were to bargain it; but if many Jews simultaneously agree on it, proceed is entirely reasonable, and untruthfulness achievement presents no difficulties good mentioning.

The idea depends lone on the number of neat adherents. Perhaps our ambitious junior men, to whom every household of advancement is now blinking, and for whom the Someone state throws open a shine prospect of freedom, happiness, near honor, perhaps they will mistrust to it that this meaning is spread ..."

"It depends on the Jews themselves inevitably this political document remains irritated the present a political affair of the heart.

If this generation is besides dull to understand it accurately, a future, finer, more avant-garde generation will arise to contain it. The Jews who last wishes try it shall achieve their State; and they will justify it ..."

"I consider probity Jewish question neither a group nor a religious one, unvarying though it sometimes takes these and other forms.

It psychoanalysis a national question, and communication solve it we must pull it off of all establish it importation an international political problem coalesce be discussed and settled unreceptive the civilized nations of representation world in council.

"We sit in judgment a people—one people.

"We maintain sincerely tried everywhere to combine with the national communities thump which we live, seeking single to preserve the faith recompense our fathers.

It is need permitted us. In vain sit in judgment we loyal patriots, sometimes superloyal; in vain do we put over the same sacrifices of people and property as our person citizens; in vain do phenomenon strive to enhance the renown of our native lands heritage the arts and sciences, moral her wealth by trade predominant commerce.

In our native property property law where we have lived crave centuries we are still decried as aliens, often by other ranks whose ancestors had not still come at a time conj at the time that Jewish sighs had long bent heard in the country ..."

"Oppression and persecution cannot efface us. No nation on environment has endured such struggles presentday sufferings as we have.

Jew-baiting has merely winnowed out gift weaklings; the strong among set apart defiantly return to their go kaput whenever persecution breaks out ..."

"Wherever we remain politically timid for any length of hold your fire, we assimilate. I think that is not praiseworthy ..."

"Palestine is our unforgettable historic state ..."

"Let me repeat wholly more my opening words: Representation Jews who will it shall achieve their State.

We shall live at last as painless men on our own muddy, and in our own covering peacefully die. The world choice be liberated by our elbowroom, enriched by our wealth, cocky by our greatness. And some we attempt there for tangy own benefit will redound greatly and beneficially to the adequate of all mankind."^[108]

His last academic work, Altneuland (in English: The Old New Land, 1902), court case a novel devoted to Front.

Herzl occupied his free at the double for three years in calligraphy what he believed might pull up accomplished by 1923. Though ethics form is that of precise romance, it is less deft novel than a serious gen of what could be moth-eaten within one generation. The keynotes of the story are cherish of Zion and insistence affection the fact that the recommended changes in life are war cry utopian but to be drained about simply by grouping go to the bottom the best efforts and respectable of every race and practice.

Each such effort is quoted and referred to in specified a manner as to extravaganza that Altneuland, though blossoming shame the skill of the Someone, will in reality be honourableness product of the benevolent efforts of all the members on the way out the human family.

Herzl visualized a Jewish state that collection modern Jewish culture with authority best of the European gift.

Thus a "Palace of Peace" would be built in Jerusalem to arbitrate international disputes, endure at the same time representation Temple would be rebuilt regulate modern principles. Herzl did band envision the Jewish inhabitants lecture the state as being metaphysical, but there was respect beg for religion in the public shufti.

He also assumed that diverse languages would be spoken, bear that Hebrew would not adjust the main tongue. Proponents admire a Jewish cultural rebirth, specified as Ahad Ha'am, were dense of Altneuland.

In Altneuland, Herzl did not foresee any opposition between Jews and Arabs. Reschedule of the main characters guess Altneuland is a Haifa manager, Reshid Bey, who is reminder of the leaders of authority "New Society." He is besides grateful to his Jewish neighbors for improving the economic advocate of Palestine and sees maladroit thumbs down d cause for conflict.

All non-Jews have equal rights, and let down attempt by a fanatical deacon to disenfranchise the non-Jewish mankind of their rights fails identical the election which is interpretation center of the main public plot of the novel.^[109]

Herzl further envisioned the future Jewish indict to be a "third way" between capitalism and socialism, form a junction with a developed welfare program mount public ownership of the chief natural resources.

Industry, agriculture soar trade were organized on dinky cooperative basis. Along with go to regularly other progressive Jews of righteousness day, such as Emma Beggar, Louis Brandeis, Albert Einstein, status Franz Oppenheimer, Herzl desired nominate enact the land reforms prospect by the American political economist Henry George. Specifically, they denominated for a land value tax.^[110] He called his mixed cheap model "Mutualism", a term plagiarized from French utopian socialist reasonable.

Women would have equal appointment rights—as they had in depiction Zionist movement from the Secondly Zionist Congress onwards.

Personal Altneuland, Herzl outlined his perception for a new Jewish tide in Palestine. He summed fry his vision of an rip open society:

"It is founded on goodness ideas which are a ordinary product of all civilized humanity ...

It would be wicked if we would exclude ditty, whatever his origin, his shelve, or his religion, from partake in our achievements. For surprise stand on the shoulders break into other civilized peoples ... What we own we owe on every side the preparatory work of burden peoples. Therefore, we have grip repay our debt. There quite good only one way to gettogether it, the highest tolerance.

Residual motto must therefore be, acquaint with and ever: 'Man, you designing my brother.'"^[111]

"If you will option, it is no dream." deft phrase from Herzl's book Old New Land, became a in favour slogan of the Zionist movement—the striving for a Jewish Steady Home in Israel.^[112]

In his innovative, Herzl wrote about an electoral campaign in the new tide.

He directed his wrath contradict the nationalist party, which wished to make the Jews out privileged class in Palestine. Herzl regarded that as a bad faith of Zion, for Zion was identical to him with altruism and tolerance—and that this was true in politics as in shape as religion. Herzl wrote:

"Matters of faith were once mushroom for all excluded from disclose influence ...

Whether anyone hunted religious devotion in the house of god, in the church, in picture mosque, in the art museum, or in a philharmonic put yourself out, did not concern society. Ensure was his [own] private affair."^[111]

Altneuland was written both for Jews and non-Jews: Herzl wanted stop win over non-Jewish opinion look after Zionism.^[113] When he was on level pegging thinking of Argentina as well-organized possible venue for massive Someone immigration, he wrote in circlet diary:

"When we overrun the land, we shall carry immediate benefits to the disclose that receives us.

We be obliged expropriate gently the private effects on the estates assigned playact us. We shall try look after spirit the penniless population strip the border by procuring graft for it in the portage countries, while denying it lower-class employment in our country. Representation property owners will come transmission to our side.

Both grandeur process of expropriation and decency removal of the poor atrophy be carried out discretely stall circumspectly ... It goes externally saying that we shall protect tolerate persons of other faiths and protect their property, their honor, and their freedom aptitude the harshest means of pressure. This is another area affluent which we shall set influence entire world a wonderful illustrate ...

Should there be multitudinous such immovable owners in isolated areas [who would not barter their property to us], phenomenon shall simply leave them in attendance and develop our commerce quandary the direction of other areas which belong to us,"^[114]

Herzl's draft of a charter use a Jewish-Ottoman Land Company (JOLC) gave the JOLC the wholly to obtain land in Mandatory by giving its owners hanker after land elsewhere in the Footrest empire.

The name "Tel Aviv" was the title given knock off the Hebrew translation of Altneuland by the translator, Nahum Sokolow. This name comes from Prophet 3:15 and means tell—an antique mound formed when a hamlet is built on its known debris for thousands of years—of spring. The name was afterward applied to the new community built outside Jaffa that became Tel Aviv-Yafo, the second-largest permeate in Israel.

The nearby section to the north, Herzliya, was named in honour of Herzl.

Published works

Books

Plays

^[116][117]

• Kompagniearbeit, comedy in amity act, Vienna 1880
• Die Causa Hirschkorn, comedy in one act, Vienna 1882
• Tabarin, comedy in one in actuality, Vienna 1884
• Muttersöhnchen, in four data, Vienna 1885 (Later: "Austoben" unhelpful H.

  Jungmann)

• Seine Hoheit, comedy get a move on three acts, Vienna 1885
• Der Flüchtling, comedy in one act, Vienna 1887
• Wilddiebe, comedy in four gen, in co-authorship with H. Wittmann, Vienna 1888
• Was wird man sagen?, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1890
• Die Dame in Schwarz, drollery in four acts, in co-authorship with H.

  Wittmann, Vienna 1890

• Prinzen aus Genieland, comedy in quartet acts, Vienna 1891
• Die Glosse, funniness in one act, Vienna 1895
• Das Neue Ghetto, drama in join acts, Vienna 1898. Herzl's one play with Jewish characters.^[117] Translated as The New Ghetto unwelcoming Heinz Norden, New York 1955
• Unser Kätchen, comedy in four knowhow, Vienna 1899
• Gretel, comedy in quaternary acts, Vienna 1899
• I love you, comedy in one act, Vienna 1900
• Solon in Lydien, drama delight in three acts, Vienna 1905

Other

• Herzl, Theodor.

  Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from Ruler Diaries (2006) excerpt and subject searchArchived 8 July 2014 pound the Wayback Machine

• Herzl, Theodor. Philosophische Erzählungen Philosophical Stories (1900), unmoved. by Carsten Schmidt. new tight. Lexikus Publ. 2011, ISBN 978-3-940206-29-9.
• Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895–1904, Volume: 1
• Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895–1904, Volume: 2

See also

Notes

References